Saya sedang berusaha untuk menyusun teori-teori pembelajaran dalam laman ini. Buat sementara waktu, pengunjung bolehlah mencuba mendapatkan bahan-bahan berkaitan teori pembelajaran dari laman web yang disertakan ini http://www.emtech.net/learning_theories.htm
http://tip.psychology.org/theories.html

Learning Theories

Miscellaneous Sites	Contiguity Theory	Gestalt Theory	Skinner
Aptitude-Treatment Interaction	Cooperative Learning	Information Processing	Vygotsky
Anchored Instruction	Dewey	Piaget	Weiner
Bandura, Social Learning Theory	Dual Coding Theory	Social Judgment Theory
Behaviorism	Gagné	Situated Learning
Cognitive Dissonance	Gardner	Subsumtion Theory
Constructivsm

Miscellaneous Sites

• ACT Research Home Page- The ACT group is led by John Anderson at Carnegie Mellon University and is concerned with the ACT theory and architecture of cognition. The goal of this research is to understand how people acquire and organize knowledge and produce intelligent behavior. The ACT-R unified theory of cognition attempts to develop a cognitive architecture that can perform in detail a full range of cognitive tasks. The architecture takes the form of a computer simulation which is capable of performing and learning from the same tasks worked on by human subjects in our laboratories.
• Adult Learning: An Overview- Stephen Brookfield
• Albert Bandura — Dr. C. George Boeree, at Shippensburg University, provides a short biography of Albert Bandura, describes some of the early research in social learning, defines many of the key terms and concepts.
• Animal Training at Sea World — How Sea World trainers apply operant conditioning principles to train performing animals. Primary and conditioned reinforcers, shaping, and observational learning are among the principles that are discussed.
• B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning — A brief summary of operant conditioning.
• Bloom et. al - Taxonomy of Cognitive Objectives
• Classical Conditioning - West Virginia University
• Cognitive Architectures
• Cognitive Psychology - Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio
• COGPRINTS: Cognitive Sciences Eprint Archive - An electronic archive for papers in any area of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Linguistics, and many areas of Computer Science (e.g., artificial intelligence, robotics, vison, learning, speech, neural networks), Philosophy (e.g., mind, language, knowledge, science, logic), Biology (e.g., ethology, behavioral ecology, sociobiology, behaviour genetics, evolutionary theory), Medicine (e.g., Psychiatry, Neurology, human genetics, Imaging), Anthropology (e.g., primatology, cognitive ethnology, archeology, paleontology), as well as any other portions of the physical, social and mathematical sciences that are pertinent to the study of cognition.
• Collins' Cognitive Theory of Inquiry Teaching - University of Arkansas
• Collaborative learning and the Internet - Pierre Dillenbourg and Daniel Schneider, School of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
• Collaborative Learning and Veterinary Medicine - Too many faculty members in our Colleges of Veterinary Medicine are not really able to distinguish between lecturing and teaching. Too often the college classroom is a place where students are bombarded with facts from the podium that they frantically try to copy down in their notes. Louis Schmier, a professor at Valdosta State University, emphasizes the point this way: "there really is a hell of a difference between a teacher and a classroom presenter." Schmier summarizes where college pedagogy is today as follows: "Most people think that anyone can teach. All you have to do is stand at the head of the classroom, throw out crumbs of information in an automated lecture, and the students will eagerly peck away and nourish their minds. I call that schooling, not education; lecturing, not teaching. Our graduate schools train scholars and researchers who are thrown into classrooms without guidance. It's little wonder that most of us evolve into classroom presenters."
• Collaborative Learning Using Guided Discovery on the INTERNET - Peter Holt, Claude Fontaine, Jane Gismondi, Darlene Ramsden, Centre for Computing Information Systems and Mathematics (CCISM), Athabasca University
• Contingencies R US - Paul Brandon's page with links to behavioral analysis sites.
• Cooperative Learning - This Education Research Consumer Guide is produced by the Office of Research, Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) of the U.S. Department of Education.
• Dr. P's Dog Training - virtual library of info about dog training & behavior
• Engagement Theory: A Framework for Technology Based Learning - Greg Kearsley & Ben Shneiderman
• Flexible Learning and Higher Education Resources - Anglia College, UK
• Gropper's Behaviorism - Univeristy of Arkansas
• Human Cognition in the Human Brain - Yehouda Harpaz
• Humanoid Robotics Group - MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
• Institute for Research in Cognitive Science - National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center for Research in Cognitive Science.
• Instructional Technology Research Online - Georgia State University
• John Case's Computational Learning Theory(COLT) Page - University of Delaware
• John Locke - Some Thoughts Concerning Education
• Kant's System of Perspecives - by Stephen Palmquist
• Kurt Lewin - The Kurt Lewin Institute is a joint venture of senior researchers in social psychology and its applications, who are affiliated to five Dutch Universities.
• Landa's Algo-Heuristic Theory - University of Arkansas
• Language and the Mind - Noam Chomsky (1968))
• Learning Concepts - Anxiety, Arousal, Attention, Attitudes, Cognitive/Learning Styles, Creativity, Feedback/Reinforcement,Imagery, Learning Strategies, Mastery, Memory, Mental Models, Metacognition, Motivation, Productions, Schema,Sequencing of Instruction, Taxonomies
• Learning Theories - Funderstanding
• Linguistics Resources - A topically organized list of resources elsewhere on the Internet that may be of interest to the linguist.
• Merrill's Component Display Theory
• Misha the Toilet-trained Wonder Cat — Tired of cleaning that smelly old litter box? Learn How to Toilet-Train Your Catwith a little help from this unusual site. Karawynn is not a behavioral psychologist, so you will have to provide the learning theory terminology.
• Motivational Theory - University of Arkansas
• Negative Reinforcement University — NRU is an interactive environment for the study of negative reinforcement, one of the more challenging concepts to teach and learn in Psychology. Available as either a web site (you will need the free Shockwave, below ) or as an Adobe Acrobat document (you will need the free Adobe Acrobat Reader, below).
• Neurosciences on the Internet - A searchable and browsable index of neuroscience resources available on the Internet: Neurobiology, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, cognitive science sites and information on human neurological diseases.
• Observational Learning — A brief summary of Bandura's Observational Learning Theory.
• Operant Conditioning and Behaviorism — An historical outline that begins with Thorndike's trial-and-error learning, and introduces Pavlov's classical conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning.
• Pedagogically-informed Networking - Deborah Lynn Stirling
• Personal Construct Psychology - The Centre for Personal Construct Psychology is a major focal point for information and resources about George Kelly's Personal Construct Psychology.
• Personality Theory - Northwestern University
• Positive Reinforcement — Lyle K. Grant, at Athabasca University, has developed this tutorial to help students understand what constitutes, and what does not constitute, positive reinforcement. Be sure you understand the illustrative examples before you begin the practice exercise.
• Problem-Based Teaching - R. J. Salvador, D. W. Countryman and B. E. Miller
• Psych Web's List of Psychology Resources
• Reigeluth's Elaboration Theory - University of Arkansas
• Rousseau - Émile - The on-line English translation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile or On Education, one of the most influential books in the history of education.
• Rousseau - Émile The Creed of a Savoyard Priest
• Rousseau on Education - Michele Erina Doyle and Mark Smith
• Scandura's Structural Theory - Scandura's Structural theory replaces the behaviorist chaining process with a cognitive orientated structure.
• Script Theory (R. Schank) - "The central focus of Schank's theory has been the structure of knowledge, especially in the context of language understanding."
• Sensation and Perception Tutorial - Hanover, "Here is a small collection of tutorials and demonstrations related to our senses."
• Systems Approach to Training - Big Dog's Human Resource Development Page
• The "Theory Into Practice - TIP database
• The Commonwealth of Learning- The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning/distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. COL works with Commonwealth nations to improve access to quality education and training.
• The Education and Resource Network - The American Educational Research Association
• The Idea of the Theory of Knowledge as Social Theory - Jürgen Habermas (1968)
• The Teaching/Learning Process: A Discussion of Models- Deborah A. McIlrath and William G. Huitt
• The Theory Into Practice Database - "TIP is a tool intended to make learning and instructional theory more accessible to educators. The database contains brief summaries of 50 major theories of learning and instruction. These theories can also be accessed by learning domains and concepts."
• Uncertainty Reduction Links
• Using Cooperative Learning Groups - University of California, Santa Barbara
• Vision and Color Vision Phenomena - The Exploratorium, San Francisco, Ca
• Vygotsky's Social Development Theory — A brief summary of Vygotshy's theory.
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition — A brief summary of Vygotshy's theory.
• What is Activity Theory? - Martin Ryder, CUDenver

Anchored Instruction

• Anchored Instruction - "Anchored instruction requires putting the students in the context of a problem-based story. The students "play" an authentic role while investigating the problem, identifying gaps to their knowledge, researching the information needed to solve the problem, and developing solutions. For example, the students play the role of a pilot to learn about aeronautics subject matter such as gravity, airflow, weather concepts, and basic flight dynamics. The teacher facilitates and coaches the students through the process."
• Anchored Instruction - TIP Database, John Bransford & the CTGV
• Anchored Instruction - Open Learning Technology Corporation Limited
• Anchored Instruction - Julie Barbadillo, EMC 598, Arizona State University, Summer 1998
• Anchored Instruction - Open Learning Technology Corporation Limited.
• Anchored Instruction - National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum
• Anchored Instruction - The University of New England, NSW, Australia
• Anchored instruction - Vanderbilt University
• Anchored Instruction - William R. Booth
• Technological Support for Anchored Instruction - Candyce Williams Glaser & Linda K. Prestidge
• The Adventures of Jasper Woodbury - Vanderbilt

Dual Coding Theory

• A Simulation about Multimedia Design and Dual-Coding Theory - Authorware 5.1 Web Player requireed for this simulation
• Constructing Cognitive Artefacts: The Case of Multimedia Learning Materials - Christopher J. Colbourn, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton
• Dual-coding theory - Instructional Technology Global Resource Network
• Dual Coding Theory and Visualization - University of Iceland
• Dual-Coding, Context-Availability, and Concreteness Effects in Sentence Comprehension: An Electrophysiological Investigation - Phillip J. Holcomb, John Kounios, Jane E. Anderson, W. Caroline West

John Dewey

• A Dialog between Confucius and Dr. John Dewey - Lih-Ching Chen Wang
• Center for John Dewey Studies - The Center for Dewey Studies at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale was established in 1961 as the "Dewey Project." In the course of collecting and editing Dewey's works, the Center amassed a wealth of source materials for the study of America's quintessential philosopher-educator, John Dewey. By virtue of its publications and research, the Center has become the international focal point for research on Dewey's life and work. Its location at the University makes it possible for visitors to take advantage of the resources and professional expertise of the faculty and staff of the Department of Philosophy, the College of Education, Special Collections in Morris Library, and the Southern Illinois University Press.
• Cognitivism, Situated Cognition, and Deweyian Pragmatism - by Eric Bredo
• Constructivism, Educational Research, and John Dewey - by Raf Vanderstraeten and Gert Biesta
• Dewey on the Pedagogy of Occupations: The social construction of the hyper-real- by James Palermo
• Dewey Reconstructs Ethics - by Dr. Jan Garrett
• Dewey's Idea of Sympathy and the Development of the Ethical Self: A Japanese Perspective- by Naoko Saito
• Essays on the Philosophy of John Dewey - by Gordon L. Ziniewicz
• John Dewey & F. Mathias Alexander Homepage -Dewey met Alexander in during World War I when Alexander was visiting New York and had his first lessons from Alexander at that time. Dewey was then in his fifties, and he continued taking Alexander Technique lessons for the next 35 years.
• John Dewey & the Alexander Technique - "It [the F.M. Alexander Technique] bears the same relation to education that education itself bears to all other human activities." --John Dewey
• John Dewey and Informal Education -"Arguably the most influential thinker on education in the twentieth century, Dewey's contribution lies along several fronts. His attention to experience and reflection, democracy and community, and to environments for learning have been seminal."
• John Dewey and Progressive Education - by David Wiles
• John Dewey at Michigan: The Birth of Pragmatism: The Philosopher's second An Arbor Period - by Linda Robinson
• John Dewey: Democracy and Education - The 1916 Book in HTML markup copyright 1994 ILT Digital Classics.
• John Dewey: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Life and Works, Theory of Knowledge, Metaphysics, Ethical and Social Theory, Aesthetics, Critical Reception and Influence, Bibliography
• John Dewey: Rethinking Our Time - Reviewed by James Garrison
• John Dewey: The Quest for Certainty (1933)
• John Dewey's Critique of Socioeconomic Individualism - by S. Scott Zeman
• John Dewey's participatory philosophy of education: Education, experience and curriculum . - Joop W.A. Berding
• The Educational Theory of John Dewey (1859 - 1952) . - Analyst: N. I. Emand

Behaviorism

• A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 31, 308-315.Jones, Mary Cover. (1924).
• A new formula for behaviorism. Psychological Review, 29, 44-53. Tolman, Edward C. (1922).
• An Overview of Dialectical Behavioural Therapy for BPD - MHN Article
• Animal intelligence. Thorndike, Edward L. (1911).
• Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57, 193-216.Skinner, B. F. (1950).
• Autobiography of C. Lloyd Morgan. In C. Murchison (Ed.), History of psychology in autobiography (Vol. 2, pp. 237-264). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.Morgan, C. Lloyd. (1930).
• Autobiography of Robert M. Yerkes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), History of psychology in autobiography (Vol. 2, pp. 381-407). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.Yerkes, Robert M. (1930).
• Basic neural mechanisms in behavior. Psychological Review, 37, 1-24.Lashley, Karl S. (1930).
• Behavior Analysis Resources - A list of related links.
• Behavior and the concept of mental disease. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, 13, 589-597.Watson, John B. (1916).
• Behaviorism Tutorial - Athabasca University
• Behaviorism: The Rise and Fall of a Discipline - Behavior theory, while still viable, no longer holds the dominance it once did in theoretical psychology.
• Behaviorists for Social Responsibility.Behaviour Online- "Behavior OnLine aspires to be the premier World Wide Web gathering place for mental health professionals and applied behavioral scientists"
• Behavioural Temperaments- "Welcome! This Page is about behavioral individuality in infants, children and adults. It is intended as a clearinghouse for research and practical information about temperamental characteristics to be used by parents, students, professionals and others who have an interest in temperament."
• Classical Conditioning - An Article.
• Classical Conditioning - State University, Cortland, NY
• Classical Conditioning - Steve's Primer of Practical Persuasion and Influence
• Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. Tolman, Edward, C. (1948).
• Commentary on "Psychology as the Behaviorist View It" John B. Watson (1913) - by Robert H. Wozniak
• Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14. Watson, John B. & Rayner, Rosalie. (1920).
• Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (G. V. Anrep, Trans.). (Original work published 1927)Pavlov, Ivan P. (1927).
• Connectionism (Thorndike) -TIP Database
• Dialectical Behavioral Therapy - "Marsha Linehan (1991) pioneered this treatment, based on the idea that psychosocial treatment of those with Borderline Personality Disorder was as important in controlling the condition as traditional psycho- and pharmacotherapy were."
• Ding-Dong: Classical Conditioning. Pavlov and Pavlov's Dog . - West Virginia University
• Drive Reduction Theory - Theory Into Practice Database
• Drives and the C.N.S. (conceptual nervous system). Psychological Review, 62, 243-254. Hebb, D. O. (1955).
• Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Classical Conditioning - Unoveristy of Vermont
• From Behaviorism to Humanism - Elmira College
• FunderstandingHull’s Drive Reduction Theory - Theory Into Practice Database
• Has psychology failed? American Scholar, 4, 261-269. Jastrow, Joseph. (1935).
• Introduction to Animal Intelligence. Edward Lee Thorndike (1911) by R. H. Wozniak.
• Introduction to: Introduction to: "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it." John B. Watson (1913) - by Christopher D. Green.
• Introduction"A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter" Mary Cover Jones (1924) by Alexandra Rutherford.
• Introspection as an objective method. Psychological Review, 29, 89-112. Washburn, Margaret Floy. (1922).
• Is thinking merely the action of language mechanisms? British Journal of Psychology, 11, 87-104. Watson, John B. (1920).
• Neobehaviorism Logical Positivism, Operationalism, and Physicalism . Study Notes.
• On "Psychology as the behaviorist views it". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 53, 1-17. Titchener, Edward B. (1914).
• On two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology, 16, 264-272. Konorski, J. & Miller, S. (1937).
• Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning - W. Huitt and J. Hummel
• Operant Conditioning - Cortland College
• Operant Conditioning and Behaviorism - A Historical Outline TheoriesPositive Reinforcement - Athabasca University
• Psychological facts and psychological theory. Psychological Bulletin, 43, 1-20. Guthrie, Edwin R. (1946).
• Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177 Watson, John B. (1913).
• 'Superstition' in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172. Skinner, B. F. (1948).
• The battle of behaviorism: An exposition and an exposure. Watson, John B. & MacDougall, William. (1929).
• The Behavior Analysis Home Page - University of South Florida
• The Behavioral Approach - Cortland College
• The behavioristic interpretation of consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 30, 237-272, 329-353. Lashley, Karl S. (1923).
• The case against introspection. Psychological Review, 19, 404-413. (1912).Dunlap, Knight.
• The concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part I. Psychological Review, 41, 33-54. Hull, Clark L. (1934).
• The concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part II. Psychological Review, 41, 134-152. Hull, Clark L. (1934).
• The conflicting psychologies of learning -- A way out.Psychological Review, 42, 491-516. Hull, Clark L. (1935).
• The method of Pawlow in animal psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 6, 257-273. Yerkes, Robert M. & Morgulis, Sergius. (1909).
• The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist, 16, 681-684. Breland, Keller & Breland, Marian. (1961).
• The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 573-685. Harlow, Harry F. (1958).
• The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Yerkes, Robert M. & Dodson, John D. (1908). Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.
• The Relationship of Behaviorism, Neo-Behaviorism and Cognitivism to an Evangelical Bibliology . - by Greg Herrick Watson's career and work. The article also presents a history of psychologists' accounts of the Albert study, focusing on the study's distortion by Watson himself, general textbook authors, behavior therapists, and most recently, a prominent learning theorist. The author proposes possible causes for these distortions and analyzes the Albert study as an example of myth making in the history of psychology."
• Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type. Journal of General Psychology, 12, 66-77. Skinner, B. F. (1935).
• Two types of conditioned reflex: A reply to Konorski and Miller. Journal of General Psychology, 16, 272-279.Skinner, B. F. (1937).

Contiguity Theory

• Contiguity Theory - Open Learning Technology Corporation Limited
• Edwin R. Guthrie-- Classics in the History of Psychology
• Guthrie’s Contiguity Theory - by Gwendolyn Walata

• Classics in the History of Psychology -- Introduction to Koffka
• Gestalt Psychology - by C. George Boeree
• Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy - by Mary Henle (1975)
• Gestalt Psychotherapy Institutes and Associations Worldwide
• Gestalt Theory - An International Multidisciplinary Journal
• In Search of the Laws of Visual Grouping - Michael Kubovy, Alex O. Holcombe, Johan Wagemans, Jeff Hollier, Dirk Smit, Sarah Creem
• Keywords of Gestalt Theory - The Gestalt Theory Resources Center offers information and links to other resources on the web about Gestalt theory in its original sense as put forward by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka, Kurt Lewin and other eminent Gestalt psychologists.
• Links to Gestalt Related Sources on the Web
• Mach and Ehrenfels: Foundations of Gestalt Theory - by Kevin Mulligan and Barry Smith
• Martin Buber und die Gestalttherapie (Rich Hycner) - Gestalt-Institut Köln
• Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications
• The historical roots of Gestalt Therapy Theory - Gestalt Dialogue: Newsletter fo the Integrative Gestalt
• Centre, Aotearoa, New Zealand.

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